Islam

Islam (Arabic: ???????; al-'isl?m (help·info)) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God (Arabic: ????, All?h).[1] An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)".[2][3] There are between 1.1 billion and 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, after Christianity.[4]

Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.[5] They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds that Jews and Christians distorted the revelations God gave to these prophets by either altering the text, introducing a false interpretation, or both.[6]

Islam includes many religious practices. Adherents are generally required to observe the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community.[7] In addition to the Five Pillars, Islamic law (sharia) has developed a tradition of rulings that touch on virtually all aspects of life and society. This tradition encompasses everything from practical matters like dietary laws and banking to warfare.[8]

Almost all Muslims belong to one of two major denominations, the Sunni and Shi'a. The schism developed in the late 7th century following disagreements over the religious and political leadership of the Muslim community. Roughly 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 percent are Shi'a. Islam is the predominant religion throughout the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and Asia. Large communities are also found in China, the Balkan Peninsula in Eastern Europe and Russia. There are also large Muslim immigrant communities in other parts of the world such as Western Europe. About 20 percent of Muslims live in Arab countries.[9]

Contents [hide]
1 Etymology and meaning
2 Articles of faith
2.1 God
2.2 Qur'an
2.3 Angels
2.4 Muhammad
2.5 Resurrection and judgment
2.6 Predestination
3 Duties and practices
3.1 Five Pillars
3.2 Law
3.2.1 Religion and state
3.3 Etiquette and diet
3.4 Jihad
4 History
4.1 Rise of the caliphate (632–750)
4.2 Golden Age (750–1258)
4.3 Ottomans and Islamic empires in India (1258–1918)
4.4 Modern times (1918–present)
5 Community
5.1 Demographics
5.2 Mosques
5.3 Family life
5.4 Calendar
6 Other religions
7 Denominations
7.1 Sunni
7.2 Shi'a
7.3 Sufism
7.4 Others
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links

Etymology and meaning
Main article: S-L-M
The word Isl?m, from the triliteral root s-l-m, is derived from the Arabic verb Aslama, which means "to accept, surrender or submit." Thus, Islam means acceptance of and submission to God, and believers must demonstrate this by worshiping him, following his commands, and avoiding polytheism. The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses (ayat), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam."[10] Other verses connect isl?m and d?n (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion (d?n) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."[11] Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith.[12]

Articles of faith
Main articles: Aqidah and Iman
According to the Qur'an all Muslims have to believe in God, his revelations, his angels, his messengers, and in the "Day of Judgment".[13] Also, there are other beliefs that differ between particular sects. The Sunni concept of predestination is called divine decree,[14] while the Shi'a version is called divine justice. Unique to the Shi'a is the doctrine of Imamah, or the political and spiritual leadership of the Imams.[15]

Muslims believe that God revealed his final message to humanity through the Islamic prophet Muhammad via the angel Gabriel. For them, Muhammad was God's final prophet and the Qur'an is the revelations he received over more than two decades.[16] In Islam, prophets are men selected by God to be his messengers. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic prophets are considered to be the closest to perfection of all humans, and are uniquely the recipients of divine revelation—either directly from God or through angels. The Qur'an mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others.[17] Islamic theology says that all of God's messengers since Adam preached the message of Islam—submission to the will of the one God. Islam is described in the Qur'an as "the primordial nature upon which God created mankind",[18] and the Qur'an states that the proper name Muslim was given by Abraham.[19]

As a historical phenomenon, Islam originated in Arabia in the early 7th century.[20] Islamic texts depict Judaism and Christianity as prophetic successor traditions to the teachings of Abraham. The Qur'an calls Jews and Christians "People of the Book" (ahl al-kit?b), and distinguishes them from polytheists. Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the Tawrat (Torah) and the Injil (Gospels), had become distorted—either in interpretation, in text, or both.[6]

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